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主从复合句(The complex sentences)
主从复合句(初中掌握三类从句,即宾语从句、状语从句、定语从句)
宾语从句
宾语从句在主从复合句中起宾语的作用,既可作谓语动词的宾语,也可作介词、非谓语动词(动词不定式、动名词、分词)的宾语。
引导宾语从句的关联词的用法
陈述意义的宾语从句,由从属连词that引导,that本身无义,在口语或非正式文体中常可省略。 e.g. She said (that) she would come.
一般疑问意义的宾语从句由从属连词whether或if引导,如果强调“究竟是…还是不…”,可在whether后加not
e.g. Can you tell me if/whether you can come here tomorrow? I’ll wait to see whether your words are true or not.
特殊疑问意义的宾语从句,由连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which和连接副词when,where,why,how引导,宾语从句中的语序为陈述式语序。
e.g. Please tell me when you were born.
学习宾语从句应该注意的几个问题
当主句谓语动词是think、believe、imagine等时,后面的宾语从句要表示否定意义时,要通过主句的否定式来实现,即否定主句中的动词。 e.g. 我认为他明天不会来。
(wrong)I think he will not come tomorrow. (right)I don’t think he will come tomorrow.
某些形容词后面也可有宾语从句,这些形容词有:sure、certain、glad、pleased、happy、afraid、surprised、satisfied等。 e.g. I’m sure you can learn English well.
状语从句
状语从句在主从复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等。状语从句由从属连词引导,从属连词在从句中不担任任何句子成分。状语从句根据它所表达的意思可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、比较,让步、方式和条件状语从句等类。
状语从句可位于主句之前,也可位于主句之后。位于主句之前,一般要加逗号与主句分开;位于句末则不需要。
时间状语从句 引导时间状语从句的从属连词有when、while、as、before、after、as soon as、since、till等 e.g. When he comes, I’ll tell him about it.
【注】A. when,as,while作为表示时间的从属连词时区别如下: when即可引导持续性动作,又可引导短暂性动作。它可表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生,也可表示从句的动作发生在主句动作之前。 as引导持续性动作,强调主句和从句的动作同时发生。 while引导的必须是持续性动作,并且所表示的时间范围也较大,指“在某一段时间里”,“在…期间”,它强调主句和从句动作的同时发生,并侧重主句和从句动作的对比。
B.till和until表示的意思相同,但在使用时需要注意以下几点:
如果主句谓语是持续性动作,通常用肯定⑩谓语,表示“直到…为止”。
如果主句谓语是短暂性动作,必须用否定形式的谓语,表示“直到…才”。
C.时间状语从句中的谓语动词不能用任何一种将来时,终能用一般现在时表示一般将来时,用一般过去时表示过去将来时。
地点状语从句 通常由where和wherever引导 e.g. They went where they could find work.
原因状语从句 通常由because,as,since引导
e.g. Because it was wet, he took a taxi.
As he was in a hurry, he left his bag at home.
Since you can’t answer my questions, I’ll have to ask someone else.
【注】because,as,since都可以引导原因状语从句。Because语气最强,它所引导的从句是全句的核心,在回答why开头的问句时,只能用because。Since语气次于because,表示显然或已知的理由、原因,从句的意思次于主句。As的语气最弱,所引导的从句放在主句之前,说明原因或理由,后面主句说明结果,主从句所表达的内容同等重要。
目的状语从句 通常由从属连词that,so that,in order that等引导,并且这种从句中的谓语一般有情态动词may,might,can,could等 e.g. Speak clearly so that they may understand you.
结果状语从句 通常由从属连词that,so that(以致,结果),so+形容词/副词+that(如此…以至于),such+名词+that(如此…以至于)等引导 e.g. It was very cold so that the lake froze.
比较状语从句 通常由从属连词as…as(和…一样),not as(so)…as(不如…),than,the more…the more(越…越…)等引导,这类从句通常省略与主语相同的成分 e.g. You sing better than I do.
条件状语从句 通常由从属连词if,unless等引导
e.g. If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman.
【注】条件状语从句与时间状语从句一样,从句中不能用将来时态,要用现在时态表示相应的将来时态。
方式状语从句 通常由从属连词as(正如),as if(as though)(好像)等引导
e.g. I did just as you told me.
让步状语从句 通常由从属连词though(although)(虽然,尽管),even if(even though)(即使)等引导 e.g. Although they are poor, they are happy. (注:翻译是后半句带有转折的意味,但不能由but连接。有although或though就不能有but)
定语从句
定语从句在主从复合句中起定语作用,修饰主句中的名词或代词,被定语从句修饰的词叫作先行词,定语从句一般放在它所修饰名词或代词之后。
定语从句主要由关系代词who,whom,whose,which,that和关系副词when,where,,why所引导。它们在意义上代表先行词,同时在定语从句中担任某种成分,但没有疑问的意义。
定语从句分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。
关系代词的用法
who指人,是主格,在定语从句中作主语。Whom指人,是宾格,在定语从句中作宾语,在非正式文体、口语中常可以省去。Whose指人或事物,是所有格,在定语从句中作定语,当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与of which 调换
e.g. The tall man who is standing over there is my brother.(who is standing over there是关系代词who引导的定语从句,用以修饰who的先行词man,who在从句中作主语)
that多用来指物,有时也指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,指物时的用法与which基本相同,作宾语常可省略。
e.g. Who is the man that is speaking at the meeting?(that is speaking at the meeting是关系代词that引导的定语从句,用以修饰that的先行词man,that在从句中作主语)
which指物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略。
e.g. The assistant showed me the book (which) I wanted to buy.( which I wanted to buy是关系代词which引导的定语从句,用以修饰which的先行词book,which在从句中作宾语,因此可省略)
关系副词的用法
when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语,表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导
e.g. I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语
e.g. The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语
e.g. I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用there is来引导
e.g. There is somebody here who wants to speak to you.
关系副词=介词+关系代词
why =for which where =in/ at/ on/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)
when =during/ on/ in/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配) 如:
(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,
(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which/ where I was born.
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